Inclusion of Minorities

Inclusion of Minorities measures levels of discrimination against vulnerable groups such as indigenous peoples, migrants, refugees, or lower caste groups. This measure focuses upon whether there is systemic bias among managers, administrators, and members of the community in the allocation of jobs, benefits, and other social and economic resources regarding particular social groups.

While there is not a large theoretical literature on the topic of ‘discrimination’ per se, there is a large empirical literature on specific categories of discrimination, for example where this is ethnically or racially motivated. In terms of its welfare benefits, the relationship between identity groups in a society has important consequences for the allocative efficiency of an economy, as norms of arbitrary discrimination lead to sub-optimal resource allocation by squandering human potential.

ISD measures the level of inclusion of minorities using indicators which are based on direct measurement of social institutions and their outcomes, and perception-based indicators, based on assessments by public opinion surveys, private agencies and non-governmental organizations, and proxy measures to measure the access to jobs and educational attainment.

Data used for the 2020 Index:

Indicator	Variables	Source	Countries
Do you trust people of another religion?	not_as_neighbours_different_religion	World Values Surveys	73
Do you trust people of another nationality?	trust_people_different_nationality	World Values Surveys	73
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different race.	not_as_neighbours_different_race	World Values Surveys	73
Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People who have AIDS	not_as_neighbours_AIDS	World Values Surveys	43
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? Homosexuals	not_as_neighbours_homosexual	World Values Surveys	71
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different religion	not_as_neighbours_different_religion	World Values Surveys	43
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different language	not_as_neighbours_different_language	World Values Surveys	43
Statement: Jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to (nation) people than immigrants	jobs_scarce_to_natives	World Values Surveys	59
Foreign/Native Labour Participation, Intermediate Education	foreign/native_medium_educ_ratio	OECD	33
Foreign/Native Labour Participation, Low Education	foreign/native_low_educ_ratio	OECD	33
Native Labour Participation, High Education	foreign/native_high_educ_ratio	OECD	33
Are people treated unequally under the law?	ethnic_groups_never_treated_unfairly	Afrobarometer	13
Economic Inequality between groups	economic_inequal_btwn_groups	Fund for Peace/Fragile States Index	178
Level of ethnic tensions, rating	ethnic_tensions_rating	International Country Risk Guide	140
Level of religious tensions, rating	religious_tensions_rating	International Country Risk Guide	140
Group Political Risk Rating	polit_situation_same_as_other_groups	International Country Risk Guide	138
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people of the same race or ethnic group as most [country]’s people to come and live here	against_immigr_same_race	European Social Survey (ESS)	28
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people of a different race or ethnic group come and live here	against_immigr_different_race	European Social Survey (ESS)	28
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people from poorer countries outside Europe come and live here	against_immigr_poor_countries	European Social Survey (ESS)	29
Would you say it is generally bad or good for [country]’s economy that people come to live here from other countries?	immigration_makes_country_worse	European Social Survey (ESS)	29
Would you say that [country]’s cultural life is generally undermined by people coming to live here from other countries?	immigration_bad_for_culture	European Social Survey (ESS)	29
Is [country] made a worse or a better place for the economy by people coming to live here from other countries?	immigration_bad_for_economy	European Social Survey (ESS)	29