Inclusion of Minorities

Inclusion of Minorities measures levels of discrimination against vulnerable groups such as indigenous peoples, migrants, refugees, or lower caste groups. This measure focuses upon whether there is systemic bias among managers, administrators, and members of the community in the allocation of jobs, benefits, and other social and economic resources regarding particular social groups.

While there is not a large theoretical literature on the topic of ‘discrimination’ per se, there is a large empirical literature on specific categories of discrimination, for example where this is ethnically or racially motivated. In terms of its welfare benefits, the relationship between identity groups in a society has important consequences for the allocative efficiency of an economy, as norms of arbitrary discrimination lead to sub-optimal resource allocation by squandering human potential.

ISD measures the level of inclusion of minorities using indicators which are based on direct measurement of social institutions and their outcomes, and perception-based indicators, based on assessments by public opinion surveys, private agencies and non-governmental organizations, and proxy measures to measure the access to jobs and educational attainment.

Data used for the 2020 Index:

IndicatorVariablesSourceCountries
Do you trust people of another religion?not_as_neighbours_different_religionWorld Values Surveys73
Do you trust people of another nationality? trust_people_different_nationalityWorld Values Surveys73
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different race.not_as_neighbours_different_raceWorld Values Surveys73
Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People who have AIDSnot_as_neighbours_AIDSWorld Values Surveys43
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? Homosexualsnot_as_neighbours_homosexualWorld Values Surveys71
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different religionnot_as_neighbours_different_religionWorld Values Surveys43
Could you please sort out any that you would not like to have as neighbors? People of a different languagenot_as_neighbours_different_languageWorld Values Surveys43
Statement: Jobs are scarce, employers should give priority to (nation) people than immigrantsjobs_scarce_to_nativesWorld Values Surveys59
Foreign/Native Labour Participation, Intermediate Educationforeign/native_medium_educ_ratioOECD33
Foreign/Native Labour Participation, Low Educationforeign/native_low_educ_ratioOECD33
Native Labour Participation, High Educationforeign/native_high_educ_ratioOECD33
Are people treated unequally under the law?ethnic_groups_never_treated_unfairlyAfrobarometer13
Economic Inequality between groupseconomic_inequal_btwn_groupsFund for Peace/Fragile States Index178
Level of ethnic tensions, ratingethnic_tensions_ratingInternational Country Risk Guide140
Level of religious tensions, ratingreligious_tensions_ratingInternational Country Risk Guide140
Group Political Risk Ratingpolit_situation_same_as_other_groupsInternational Country Risk Guide138
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people of the same race or ethnic group as most [country]’s people to come and live hereagainst_immigr_same_raceEuropean Social Survey (ESS)28
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people of a different race or ethnic group come and live hereagainst_immigr_different_raceEuropean Social Survey (ESS)28
To what extent do you think [country] should allow people from poorer countries outside Europe come and live hereagainst_immigr_poor_countriesEuropean Social Survey (ESS)29
Would you say it is generally bad or good for [country]’s economy that people come to live here from other countries?immigration_makes_country_worseEuropean Social Survey (ESS)29
Would you say that [country]’s cultural life is generally undermined by people coming to live here from other countries?immigration_bad_for_cultureEuropean Social Survey (ESS)29
Is [country] made a worse or a better place for the economy by people coming to live here from other countries?immigration_bad_for_economyEuropean Social Survey (ESS)29